Pembahasan Adjective Clause Dan Penggunaan Relative Pronoun

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Adjective dan Clause. Seperti yang kita ketahui Adjective dalam bahasa Inggris yakni kata sifat, sedangkan Clause yakni rangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola S + V yang membentuk kalimat atau bab dari kalimat.

Clause terdiri dari Main Clause / Independent Clause / Induk kalimat dan Sub Clause/Dependent Clause/Anak Kalimat.

Main Clause atau disebut juga induk kalimat yakni rangkaian kata yang terdiri dari subjek dan predikat yang mempunyai makna dan sanggup bangkit sendiri .
Contoh :
*I like reading.
*The book is important
*She has understood.

Sub Clause atau  anak kalimat yakni rangkaian kata yang tidak sanggup bangkit sendiri membentuk kalimat atau hanya bab dari kalimat . Artinya Sub Clause tergantung pada Main Clause.
Contoh :
*I go because you hate me. I go yakni Main Clause , because you hate me yakni Sub Clause.

Sub Clause dibagi menjadi 3 :
1. Noun Clause
Yaitu Sub Clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun .
*You know what I want . ( Kamu tahu apa yang saya inginkan) what I want menggantikan noun (kata benda) misalkan yang kita inginkan yakni uang, rumah dan sebagainya.

2. Adjective Clause
Yaitu anak kalimat (Sub Clause) yang berfungsi sebagai Adjective untuk menjelaskan noun (kata benda) yang terdapat dalam induk kalimat (Main Clause) sehingga membentuk rangkaian Noun Phrase.

3. Adverbial Clause
Adverbial caluse yaitu Sub Clause yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb. Di dalam Adjective Clause terdapat Relative Pronoun dan Relative Adverb. 

Relative Pronoun yakni Conjunction (kata hubung) yang sekaligus berfungsi menggantikan posisi subjek atau objek dalam rangkaian Adjective Clause. Relative Pronoun disebut juga sebagai Relative Clause. Sedangkan Relative Adverb yakni Conjunction (kata hubung) yang sekaligus berfungsi menggantikan posisi subjek atau objek dalam rangkaian Adverbial Clause.

Penggunaan Relative Pronoun.
a. Relative Pronoun sebagai pengganti subjek.
Conjunction yang dipakai yakni (WHO,THAT,WHICH)
Dalam bahasa Indonesia relative pronoun (WHO,THAT,WHICH) bermakna “YANG”.

WHO/THAT untuk subjek orang (Person)
Contoh kalimat :
MC : The boy sits beside me. (Seorang pemuda duduk di sebelahku)
SC : He has a new car . ( Dia mempunyai kendaraan beroda empat gres )
*The boy who/that has a new car sits beside me. (Seorang pemuda yang mempunyai kendaraan beroda empat gres duduk di sebelahku).
MC :The old man is not working in this company anylonger.
SC : He got’s fired for not doing his job well.
*The old man who/that got’s fired for not doing his job well is not working in this company anylonger.
MC : Won’t your mother help the old man ?
SC : He lives  alone in proverty.
*Won’t your mother help the old man who/that lives alone in proverty?

WHICH/THAT untuk subjek bukan orang (Non Person)
Contoh kalimat:
MC : Rice is our main food.
SC : It causes us fat.
*Rice which causes us fat is our main food.
MC : The book is lost.
SC :It was borrowed by Fajar.
*The book which was borrowed by Fajar is lost.
MC : The articles won’t be published soon.
SC : They need to be edited.
*The article that need to be editednwon’t be publised soon.

b. Relative Pronoun sebagai pengganti objek
Conjunction yang dipakai yakni (WHOM, WHO, THAT, WHICH ) dan penghilangan (Omitting) Relative Pronoun.
WHOM, WHO dan THAT untuk subjek orang (Person)
WHOM dipakai untuk Formal English atau Standar Written English.

Contoh kalimat :
MC : The students look tired.
SC : I teach them.
*The students whom I teach look tired.
MC : Where have you met the job applicant ?
SC : Many companies have rejected her .
*Where have you met the job applicant who/whom/that/ O many companies have rejected ?
MC : The tenant does not stay in this apartment anymore.
SC : This official letterr is addressed to him.
*The tenant who/whom/that/ O this official letterr is addressed to does not stay in thisd apartment anymore. Atau
* The tenant to whom this official letterr is addressed to does not stay in thisd apartment anymore.
Note : Jika sebelum kata ganti objek ( objek pronoun) didahului kata kerja depan ( Preposition ) maka kata depan ( Preposition )boleh ditempatkan sebelum WHOM.(by whom,for whom, in whom, from whom)

WHICH/THAT dan penghilangan (omitting) Relative Pronoun untuk objek bukan orang (Non Person)
WHICH dipakai untuk Formal English atau Standar Written English.

Contoh kalimat :
MC : I have found a coin.
SC : Ulfa searched it.
* I have found a coin which Ulfa searched.
MC : The book is interesting.
Sc : They read it.
*The book which they read is interesting.
MC : Where is the crazy dog chained ?
SC : A child was bitten by it.
* Where is the crazy dog which/that/O a child is bitten by chained ? atau
* Where is the crazy dog by which a child is bitten chained ?
Note : Jika sebelum kata ganti objek ( objek pronoun) didahului kata kerja depan ( Preposition ) maka kata depan ( Preposition ) boleh ditempatkan sebelum WHICH. (by which,for which, in which, from which)

c. Relative Pronoun pengganti kepemilikan .
Conjunction yang dipakai yakni WHOSE.
Relative Pronoun WHOSE dipakai untuk menggantikan Possessive Adjective ( kata ganti milik) dari kata ganti utama ( Main Noun ). Relative Pronoun WHOSE harus diikuti kata benda .
Relative Pronoun WHOSE sanggup dipakai untuk orang (person) atau selain orang (non person).

Contoh kalimat :
MC : The plane is danger.
SC : Its landing wels can not work properly.
* The plane whose landing wels can not work properly is danger.
MC : The girl has 5 boy friends.
SC : Her father is an army.
* The girl whose father is an army has 5 boy friends.
MC : The children look very frightened.
SC : Their ball struck a man in a boat.
* The children whose ball struck a man in a boat look very frightened.

Note : Khusus untuk kata benda utama (main noun) yang berasal dari kata benda bukan orang ( non person ), maka untuk menyatakn makna kepemilikan (possessive meaning) sanggup memakai Possessive Adjective (kata ganti milik) atau "the noun of the noun".
Contoh kalimat :
MC : When was the building built ?
SC 1: Its pillar have been cracked.
* When was the building whose pillars have been cracked built ?
Sc 2 : The pillars of it have been cracked.
*When was the building, the pillars of which have been cracked, build ?

IT di Sub Clause yang kedua yakni kata ganti objek dari The building (noun) dan IT diganti dengan Relative Pronoun WHICH. Sub Clause 1 dan Sub Clause 2 mempunyai arti yang sama. Dalam bahasa tulis ( written expression) Main Clause dan Sub Clause harus dipisahkan dengan tanda baca koma ( , ).
Contoh-contoh lain :
MC : Will Erly attend the seminar ?
SC : The schedule of it confuses participants.
* Will Erly attend the seminar, the schedule of which confuses participants ?
MC : Who has cooked the soup ?
SC : Everyone likes the taste of it .
* Who has cooked the soup, the taste of which everyone likes ?
MC : The plants only grow on the mountain , don’t they ?
SC : The leaves of them can be used to heal disease.
* The plants, the leaves of which can be used to heal disease, only grow on the mountain , don’t they ?

d. Relative Pronoun dengan memakai Expression of Number ( some of, one of, both of, all of )
Relative Pronoun sanggup dipakai bersama Expression of Number ( some of, one of, both of, all of )

Contoh :
MC : The students are studying in the classroom.
SC : Some of them ask questions to the teacher .
* The students, some of whom ask questions to the teacher, are studying in the classroom.
MC : When were the fishermen rescued from the sea ?
SC : Two of them had died before the rescue team arrived .
* When were the fishermen, two of whom had died before the rescue team arrived, rescued from the sea ?
MC : The trees were planted years ago.
SC : The loggers will cut most of them soon.
* The trees, most of which the loggers will cut, were planted years ago.
MC : Are the bikes still being repaired ?
SC : One of them belongs to your sister .
* Are the bikes, one of which belongs to your sister, still being repaired ?
MC : The child was bought to a hospital for a emergency treatment.
SC : Both of her arms got paralised suddenly.
* The child, both of whose arms got paralised suddenly, was bought to a hospital for a emergency treatment. 
MC : When did Ana buy the sugar ?
SC : Mother needs some of it for her cookies .
* When did Ana buy the sugar, some of which mother needs for her cookies ?
MC : Who is going to repaire the city car ?
SC : One of its tires became flat on the street.
*Who is going to repaire the city car, one of whose tires became flat on the street?

Note : Ketika Relative Pronoun dipakai bersama dengan Expression of Number, Main Clause dan Sub Clause harus dipisahkan dengan tanda koma ( , ) khususnya dalam bahasa goresan pena ( Written English ).

 e. Relative Pronoun untuk mengganti keterangan
Conjunction yang dipakai yakni WHERE, WHEN, dan WHY .
Penggunaan WHERE
WHERE dipakai untuk menggabungkan kata benda utama (main noun ) dengan kata keterangan kawasan ( Adverb of Place ).

Contoh :
MC : Will the building be renovated soon ?
SC : The first Asia Africa Conference was carried out there . ( in that building)
* Will the building where The first Asia Africa Conference was carried out be renovated soon ?
MC : The park is completed with a large beautiful garden , isn’t it ?
SC : Many young people spend their time there ( in that park ).
*The park where many young people spend their time is completed with a large beautiful garden, isn’t it?
MC : Is the highway always congested in the busy hours ?
SC : You saw a terrible accident there ( on that highway).
* Is the highway where you saw a terrible accident always congested in the busy hours ?

Selain memakai Relative Pronoun WHERE untuk menghubungkan dengan keterangan kawasan (Adverb of Place) dengan kata benda utama (main noun), kita juga sanggup memakai WHICH atau THAT.
Contoh :
MC : The big city becomes the center of the government.
SC : Millions people live there ( in that city )
*The big city where millions people live becomes the center of the government. Atau
*The big city which/that/O Millions people live in becomes the center of the government. Atau
*The big city in which millions people live becomes the center of the government.

Penggunaan WHEN
WHEN dipakai untuk menggabungkan kata benda utama (main noun) dengan kata keterangan waktu (Adverb of Time ).

Contoh :
MC : Azoka can’t forget the day.
SC : He went away then (on that day)
* Azoka can’t forget the day when he went away. Atau
* Azoka can’t forget the day on which he went away.
* Azoka can’t forget the day which he went away.   (salah)

* Azoka can’t forget the day that he went away. Atau
* Azoka can’t forget the day he went away. ( Omitting Relative Pronoun )

Note : Preposision (kata depan) untuk keterangan waktu (Adverb of Time) hanya dipakai sebelum WHICH (on which, at which, in which ).
Contoh-contoh lain :
MC : Is January the month ?
SC : All people celebrate a new year then (In that month)
* Is January the month when/in which all people celebrate a new year ?
MC : The teacher told us the time.
SC : We would face the written test then ( at that time )
* The teacher told us the time when/at which we would face the written test ?

Preposition of time

Time	at
Clock	at
Day	on
Date	on
Month	in
Year	in
Century	in

Penggunaan WHY
WHY dipakai untuk menggabungkan kata benda utama (main noun) dengan kata keterangan alasan (Adverb of Reason). WHY hanya dipakai dengan main noun the reason .
Contoh :
Andy told me the reason why Vio was absent in the aftenoon class yesterday.
The reason why people are very busy earning money is very common.

f. Jenis-jenis Adjective Clause
Ada 2 jenis Adjective Clause yaitu :
1. Identifying Clause
Identifying Clause dalah klausa yang dipakai untuk mengidentifikasi kaytabenda yang diikuti klausa tersebut . Identifying Clause sangat penting alasannya yakni tanpa klausa itu kita tidak tahu benda yang mana yang dibicarakan si pembicara.
Contoh :
*The man feels confused. ( Kalimat ini belum sanggup dipahami alasannya yakni kita tidak tahu lelaki mana yang dibicarakan maka kita harus meletakkan klausa yang menjelaskan lelaki yang mana yang dimaksudkan).
Contoh lain :
*The man who lost much money in his business feels confused.
Adjective Clause who lost much money in his business itu menjelaskan The man di induk kalimat (Main Clause ).

Contoh-contoh lain :
MC : The temple is used for workshiping.
SC : It has many statues and reliefs.
* The temple which/that has many statues and reliefs is ethniscused for workshiping.
MC : The sailors are sailing a cross the strait to catch fish.
SC : We know and adore them.
* The sailors who/whom/that/O we know and adore are sailing a cross the strait to catch fish.
MC : The city never sleeps night and day.
SC : Its populations are multi ethnics.
* The city whose populations are multi ethnics never sleeps night and day.
MC : When was the wounded rabbit found ?
SC : It was neglected by her mother.
* When was the wounded rabbit which/that was neglected by her mother ?
MC : Are the problems very confusing ?
SC : Many people are trying to solve them.
* Are the problems which/that/O are trying to solve them ?

Cara pembentukan Adjective Clause
1. Analisa kedua kalimat.
2. Cari noun dan pronoun yang sama dari kedua kalimat. (Lihat karakter yang berwarna merah ! )
3. Ganti pronoun kalimat ke 2 dengan conjunction yang sesuai.
4. Letakkan rangkaian tersebut (Sub Clause) sehabis noun (kalimat ke 1) yang sama.

2. Non- Identifying Clause
Non- Identifying Clause yakni klausa yang dipakai hanya untuk memberi keterangan lanjutan/tambahan tetapi bukan untuk mengidentifikasi kata benda yang diikuti klausa tersebut alasannya yakni kata benda utama (main noun) sudah diidentifikasi dengan Nama, Possessive Adjective, Expressions of measurement dan Demonstrative words (kata penunjuk). Klausa ini tidak umum dipakai dalam bahasa cakap (spoken language), tetapi lebih umum dipakai dalam bahasa tulis.

Contoh :
*Professor William, who/that invented a talking robot, was nominated to get a gold medal.
Klausa “who invented a talking robot” tidak dipakai untuk menidentifikasi "Professor William”  sebagai kata benda utama (main noun), tetapi klausa itu hanya memberi keterangan embel-embel wacana "Professor William”.

Contoh-contoh yang lain :
*My smartphone, which/that/O my sister sold, is still in a good shape.
*This class, which/that emphasizes to develop the speaking skill, often becomes a student’s favourite.
*Who is talking to dr. Anthony, whose wife was kidnapped few days ago ?
*Rita’s new bookstore, where the fire took place last night, has been insured.
*Have you inverviewed your school principal, whom/who/that/O all students are proud of.?
*Azmil, whose father passed away last year, has to earn living for her mother ang her brother.
*Yussy drank a cup of tea, which she wanted to serve to her mother’s guest.

Note :

• Relative Pronoun THAT tidak bisa dipakai untuk Non- Identifying Clause.

• WHOM/WHICH untuk penggunaan kata ganti objek (using object pronoun) tidak boleh dihilangkan/dihapus (omitted/deleted).

• Untuk bahasa tulis (Written Expressions) , Main Clause dan Sub Clause harus dipisahkan dengan tanda baca koma ( , ). 

Itulah Pembahasan Adjective Clause dan Penggunaan Relative Pronoun yang sanggup saya bagikan. . Semoga bermanfaat. Jika anda mempunyai pendapat lain, jangan sungkan untuk berkomentar. Sekian dan terima kasih :)

Penjelasan Direct And Indirect Speech Complete Plus Teladan Kalimat

Banyak yang mengeluhkan materi bahasa inggris Direct-Indirect Speech yaitu yang paling sulit alasannya banyaknya hukum yang harus diterapkan contohnya perubahan tenses, pronoun dan adveb. Tapi jangan kawatir, pada postingan kali ini saya akan menjelaskan secara rinci. Mudah-mudahan sanggup dipahami.

Direct Indirect Speech

Direct Indirect Speech yaitu kalimat eksklusif dan kalimat tidak langsung. Direct speech /Quoted speech (kalimat langsung) yaitu kalimat yang berisikan laporan dari pembicara yang ditulis apa adanya. Ciri-cirinya tidak ada Conjunction, terdapat Quotation mark(tanda kutip).

Indirect spech/Reported speech (kalimat yang tidak eksklusif ) yaitu kalimat yang dilaporkan oleh orang lain dan diceritakan kembali tanpa mengubah makna/arti. Ciri-cirinya terdapat Conjunction, tidak ada Quotation mark(tanda kutip).

Ilustrasi dalam bahasa Indonesia kira-kira menyerupai ini. Pada suatu hari Tsania bertemu Marwa di pasar. Kemudian mereka bercakap-cakap , cuplikan dialognya ada dibawah ini.
Tsania : “ Kamu kelihatan cantik”. (Direct Speech)
Marwa : “ Terima kasih “.

Kemudian Marwa pulang, di tengah jalan ia bertemu Nikita. Marwa pun bercerita kepada Nikita yang kebetulan juga mengenal Marwa. Eh Nikita, tadi saya ketemu Tsania loh, ia bilang bila saya kelihatan bagus (Indirect Speech). Marwa menirukan apa yang diucapkan Tsania. Dalam bahasa Inggris itulah yang dinamakan Direct- Indirect Speech .

Macam-macam Direct- Indirect Speech

Direct Indirect Speech dibagi menjadi beberapa macam diantaranya yaitu sebagai berikut:
1. Direct- Indirect Speech from Statement (Berasal dari kalimat pernyataan)
2. Direct- Indirect Speech from Question (Berasal dari kalimat pertanyaan)
3. Direct- Indirect Speech from Imperative (Berasal dari kalimat perintah)
4. Direct- Indirect Speech from Invitation (Berasal dari kalimat ajakan)
5. Direct- Indirect Speech from Exclamation (Berasal dari kalimat seruan)
6. Direct- Indirect Speech from Express gratitute, Wish and Greeting (Berasal dari kalimat ungkapan terima kasih, doa dan salam)

1. Direct- Indirect Speech from Statement

Untuk mengubah Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech ada aturannya yaitu:

• Jika induk kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa Simple Present maka tenses dan keterangan waktu atau keterangan daerah dalam Indirect Speech tidak mengalami perubahan, yang berubah hanya Pronoun (kata ganti ) saja.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Lusi says, “ I am a high school student”.
Indirect Speech : Lusy says that she is a high school student.
Diretc Speech    : Tom has asked me, “ when will you go camping ?”
Indirect Speech : Tom has asked me when will you go camping.
Note : Lusy says ,Tom has asked me yaitu induk kalimat yang mensugesti perubahan tenses.

• Jika induk kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa Simple Past maka tenses dan keterangan waktu atau keterangan daerah dalam Indirect Speech mengalami perubahan demikian juga Pronoun (kata ganti ). Perubahan itu mengikuti perubahan tenses.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Ben told me,” You can do it tomorrow”.
Indirect Speech : Ben told me that I could do it the following day.
Diretc Speech    : I asked him, “What did you do last night?”
Indirect Speech : I asked him what he had done the previous day.

• Orang pertama (orang yang berbicara ) dalam Diretc Speech kembali ke subjek induk kalimat dalam Indirect Speech.Contoh :

Diretc Speech    : Marsya tells us,” I don’t like fish”.
Indirect Speech : Marsya tells us that she doesn’t like fish.

• Orang kedua (orang yang diajak berbicara ) dalam Diretc Speech kembali ke objek induk kalimat dalam Indirect Speech.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Joe told us,” I don’t agree with you”.
Indirect Speech : Joe told us that he didn’t agree with us.

• Orang ketiga (orang yang diberbicarakan ) dalam Direct Speech tidak berubah (constant) dalam Indirect Speech.

Contoh :
Diretc Speech    : Lintang says to us,” Bayu will not go with me”.
Indirect Speech : Lintang says to us that Bayu would not go wit her.

Tidak hanya Passive Voice , Direct Indirect Speech juga dekat kaitannya dengan Tenses. Right !

Aturan perubahan tenses dari Direct Speech ke Indirect Speech

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous	Simple Past   Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous

 
Jika  kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa Tenses yang hurufnya saya beri warna merah maka dalam Indirect Speech Tenses tidak berubah (tetap)
Perubahan Auxiliary

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
Do/does Is/am Are Have/has Will/shall Would/should	Did Was Were Had Would/should Would/should

Perubahan Modal

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
May Can Must Have to Will/shall Could Might Would/Should	Might Could Had to Had to Would/Should Could have Might have Would have/Should have

Aturan perubahan keterangan waktu dan keterangan daerah (Adverb)

Direct Speech	Indirect Speeech
Now Yesterday Last week Last Sunday Two days ago Four years ago Today Tomorrow Next week The day after tomorrow Here This These	Then The day before/The previous day The week before The Sunday before Two days before Four years before That day The following day/The next day The following week In two days time There That Those

1. Direct- Indirect Speech from Statement
Jika kalimat Direct Speech berupa pernyataan (Statement) baik possitive atau negative, maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang digunalkan yaitu THAT yang bermakna BAHWA.
 
Contoh kalimat (Statement of Present):

DS : Tina says to her father,”I am verry happy today”.
IS  : Tina says to her father that she is verry happy today.
DS : Okta tell me,” I have not taken a bath”.
IS  : Okta tell me that she has not taken a bath.
DS : She says to me,’’I have given your pen’’.
IS  : She says to me that she has given my pen.
DS : He says to my mother,’’My mother is waiting for you’’.
IS : He says to my mother that his mother is waiting for her/my mother.
DS  : She says to Vivi,’’We are waiting for Mr.John’’.
IS  : She says to Vivi that we are waiting for Mr.John.
DS : Argo and Huda say to them,’’We will defeat you’’.
IS  : Argo and Huda say to them that they will defeat them.
DS : You and her say to him,’’You must follow me’’.
IS  : You and her say to him that he must follow you.
DS : She says to me,’’ I can’t hear you’’.
IS  : She says to me that she can’t hear me.
DS : I have said to them,’’ You have to help my friend’’.
IS  : I have said to them that they have to help my friend.
DS : They say to him,’’ We will not let you go’’.
IS  : They say to him that they will not let him go.
DS : I tell him,’’ You are borrowing my magazine’’.
IS  : I tell him that he is borrowing my magazine.
DS : Gufron tell us,’’ I am happy to meet her’’.
IS  : Gufron tell us that he is happy to meet her.
DS : My uncle says to me,’’ I bring new bike for you’’.
IS  : My uncle says to me that he brings new bike for me.
DS : He says to me,’’ I don’t understand your question’’.
IS  : He says to me that he doesn’t understand my question’’.
DS : Father has told us,’’ You don’t need to help him’’.
IS  : Father has told us that we don’t need to help him.
DS : He tells me,’’ My friends are waiting for me’’.
IS  : He tells me that his friends are waiting for him.
DS : My sister is saying to me,’’ I have something for your family’’.
IS  : My sister is saying to me that she has something for my family.

Contoh kalimat (Statement of Past):

DS : Paul told Anne,” I went hiking last week”.
IS  : Paul told Anne that he had gone hiking the week before.
DS : They said to us,” We won’t be in your party tonight”.
IS  : They said to us that they would not be in your party that night.
DS : I said to him,’’ You don’t have to wait for me’’.
IS  : I said to him that he didn’t have to wait for me.
DS : He said to me,’’ I am reading your magazine now’’.
IS  : He said to me that he was reading my magazine then.
DS : They said to me,’’ You looked so busy last night’’.
IS  : They said to me that I had looked so busy the night before.
DS : My father called me,’’ I will not bring your mobile phone’’.
IS  : My father called me that he would not bring my mobile phone.

2. Direct- Indirect Speech from Question

Question Sentence dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :
1. Question Sentence dengan tanggapan YES/NO
Jika kalimat pertanyaan dalam Direct Speech dengan tanggapan YES/NO, maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang dipakai adalah IF/WHETHER (Apakah).

Contoh :
DS : Kevin asks me,” Are you alright?”
IS  : Kevin asks me if I am alright.
DS : Farhan asked his father,” Can I continue my study next year?”
IS  : Farhan asked his father whether he could continue his study the following year.
DS : Tom asked Jerry,” Have you submitted your article?”
IS  : Tom asked Jerry if/whether Jerry has submitted his article.
DS : Lim asked Leo,” Will Kate enter the class tomorrow ?”
IS  : Lim asked Leo whether Kate would enter the class the following day.

2. Question Sentence dengan memakai Question Words (kata tanya)
Jika kalimat pertanyaan dalam Direct Speech memakai Question Words, maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang dipakai yaitu Question Words itu sendiri.
Contoh :
DS : Tania asked them,” Who phoned me last night?”
IS  : Tania asked them who had phoned her the night before.
DS : Farrel asks Fitri ,” What are you doing with your pencil?”
IS  : Farrel asks Fitri what she is doing with her pencil.
DS : They ask her,” Whose father has invited you to attend a seminar?”
IS  : They ask her whose father has invited her to attend a seminar.
DS : Amy asked her husband,” When will we go honeymoon again?”
IS  : Amy asked her husband,” When will they (Amy and her husband) would go honeymoon again.

3. Direct- Indirect Speech from Imperative

Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech berupa kalimat perintah(Command) atau kalimat permohonan (Request), maka kata sambung (Conjunction) yang dipakai yaitu TO (untuk kalimat perintah possitive) dan NOT TO (untuk kalimat perintah negative).

Contoh :
DS : Laili told us,” Be quiet!”
IS  : Laili told us to be quiet,
DS : Ken says to them,” Don’t go without me!”
IS  : Ken says to them not to go without him.
DS : Talita said to her brother,” Don’t be lazy to study!”
IS  : Talita said to her brother not to be lazy to study.
DS : Tommy tells Johan,” Do what you want!”
IS : Tommy tells Johan to do what he wants.
DS : Ella said to me,”Would you help me?”
IS  : Ella said to me to help her. Atau Ella requested me to help her.

4. Direct- Indirect Speech from Invitation

Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech memakai LET’S , maka kalimat Indirect Speech sanggup memakai kata kerja INVITE atau SUGGEST.

Contoh :
DS : Afis said,” Let’s do the job together!”
IS  : Afis invited us to do the job together. Atau Afis suggested doing the job together.
DS : Najib says to his friends,” Let’s party now!”
IS  : Najib invites his friends to party now. Atau Najib suggest his friends that they party now.

5. Direct- Indirect Speech from Exclamation

 Exclamation adalah  ungkapan seruan, keheranan atau kekaguman. Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech memakai Exclamation, maka kalimat Indirect Speech menjelma pernyataan (Statement) dan memakai kata sambung (Conjunction) THAT.

Contoh :
DS : Delia said,” What a smart student Sharon is !”
IS  : Delia said that Sharon was a smart student.

6. Direct- Indirect Speech from Express gratitute, Wish and Greeting

Jika kalimat dalam Direct Speech memakai ungkapan terima kasih(Gratitute), doa (Wish), dan salam(Greeting), maka kalimat Indirect Speech memakai kata kerja yang sesuai dengan ungkapan tersebut.

Contoh :
DS : Andy said to me,” Goog luck!”
IS  : Andy wished me a luck.
DS : Tyas said to Dany,” Good morning Dany!”
IS  : Tyas greeted Dany in the morning.
DS : Nadya says to her teacher,” Thank you very much, sir!”
IS  : Nadya thanks her teacher very much.
DS : Reno said to his cousin,” Congratulation on your graduation!”
IS  : Reno congratulated his cousin on his graduation.

Catatan :
Perlu diperhatikan penggunaan modal MUST dalam Inderect Speech. Jika MUST dipakai dalam bentuk Future pada kalimat Direct Speech(kalimat langsung), maka MUST harus diubah menjadi WOULD HAVE TO dalam Indirect Speech (kalimat tak langsung).

Contoh :
DS : Susy told me,” You must attend the briefing tomorrow”.
IS  : Susy told me that I would have to attend the briefing the next day.
Jika MUST dipakai untuk menyatakan larangan (Prohibition) dalam kalimat eksklusif (Direct Speech), maka dalam kalimat tak eksklusif (Indirect Speech) sanggup memakai MUST’N atau WASN’T TO.

Contoh :
DS : Nana told Nini,” You mustn’t drive a car in a stormyday”.
IS  : Nana told Nini that she mustn’t drive a car in a stormyday. Atau Nana told Nini that she wasn’t to drive a car in a stormyday.

Itulah Penjelasan Direct and Indirect Speech Complete plus Contoh Kalimat yang sanggup saya bagikan. Semoga bermanfaat. Kurang lebihnya saya mohon maaf. Terima kasih.